Which constitutional amendment, ratified in 1913, authorized the collection of a progressive income tax?

The 16th Amendment, ratified in 1913, specifically authorized the federal government to collect income tax. This amendment marked a significant change in federal revenue generation and aligned with progressive reforms during the early 20th century. The progressive income tax was intended to impose a higher tax rate on individuals with greater income, reflecting the movement’s goals of reducing economic inequality and expanding the government’s ability to fund social programs.

The other amendments listed serve different purposes. The 15th Amendment addresses voting rights regardless of race, the 17th Amendment established the direct election of U.S. senators, and the 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote. Each of these amendments plays a crucial role in the expansion of civil rights and democratic representation but does not relate to income tax or federal revenue policies.