Which amendment prohibited the manufacture or sale of alcohol in the United States?

The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution is the correct answer as it specifically prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Ratified in 1919, this amendment was the culmination of the Temperance Movement, which aimed to reduce alcohol consumption due to its perceived negative effects on society, such as crime and family issues. The implementation of this amendment marked the beginning of Prohibition, a nationwide ban that lasted until the amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933.

The other amendments listed do not relate to alcohol prohibition. The 16th Amendment established the federal income tax, the 17th Amendment provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators, and the 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote. Each of these amendments addresses different social and political reforms, separate from the issue of alcohol regulation.