Which act led to the recognition of tribal constitutions and government in the United States?

The Indian Reorganization Act, enacted in 1934, played a crucial role in recognizing and restoring tribal governance and constitutions in the United States. It aimed to reverse the damaging effects of assimilation policies that had been in place, particularly those stemming from the Dawes Act, which sought to individualize land ownership among Native Americans and dismantle tribal organizations.

The Indian Reorganization Act encouraged self-government and the establishment of tribal constitutions, allowing tribes to create their own governing structures. This was significant because it represented a shift in U.S. policy from one of assimilation to one that recognized the rights of Native Americans to govern themselves and maintain their cultural identities. Additionally, the act provided for federal funding to support tribal governments and the rehabilitation of tribal lands, further enhancing tribal sovereignty.

In contrast, while the Indian Civil Rights Act aimed to protect individual rights within tribal nations, it did not specifically address the recognition of tribal governments. The Dawes Act focused on land allotment and assimilation, leading to a loss of tribal land and integrity. The Meriam Report highlighted the failures of federal Indian policy but did not create legal recognition for tribal constitutions or governance. Thus, the Indian Reorganization Act stands out as the pivotal legislation that granted explicit recognition to tribal governance